Yesterday, I suggested democracy is a mediocre theatre production where the audience gets to choose which mediocre understudy performs. Some readers thought I was being harsh. I wasn’t.
A mate recently argued that humans will always be superior to AI because of emergence, the miraculous process by which complexity gives rise to intelligence, creativity, and emotion. Lovely sentiment. But here’s the rub: emergence is also how we got this political system, the one no one really controls anymore.
Like the human body being mostly non-human microbes, our so-called participatory government is mostly non-participatory components: lobbyists, donors, bureaucrats, corporate media, careerists, opportunists, the ecosystem that is the actual organism. We built it, but it now has its own metabolism. And thanks to the law of large numbers, multiplied by the sheer number of political, economic, and social dimensions in play, even the human element is diluted into statistical irrelevance. At any rate, what remains of it has lost control – like the sorcerer’s apprentice.
People like to imagine they can “tame” this beast, the way a lucid dreamer thinks they can bend the dream to their will. But you’re still dreaming. The narrative still runs on the dream’s logic, not yours. The best you can do is nudge it; a policy tweak here, a symbolic vote there, before the system digests your effort and excretes more of itself.
a bad system beats a good person every time
W Edwards Deming
This is why Deming’s line hits so hard: a bad system beats a good person every time. Even if you could somehow elect the Platonic ideal of leadership, the organism would absorb them, neutralise them, or spit them out. It’s not personal; it’s structural.
And yet we fear AI “taking over,” as if that would be a radical departure from the status quo. Newsflash: you’ve already been living under an autonomous system for generations. AI would just be a remodel of the control room, new paint, same prison.
So yes, emergence makes humans “special.” It also makes them the architects of their own inescapable political microbiome. Congratulations, you’ve evolved the ability to build a machine that can’t be turned off.
Using AutoCrit, I continue to share the review progress of my work in progress, Democracy: The Grand Illusion. In this chapter, I survey the topic of rational ignorance.
Synopsis
The text delves into the concepts of rational ignorance and unknown unknowns within the framework of democratic decision-making. It begins by defining rational ignorance as individuals choosing to remain uninformed due to the perceived high cost of acquiring information. The discussion then moves on to explore how this impacts voter behaviour, leading to decisions based on superficial understanding and susceptibility to misinformation. The concept of unknown unknowns is introduced as factors individuals are unaware of, influencing decision-making unpredictably.
The text concludes by emphasising the importance of addressing cognitive challenges through enhancing political literacy, promoting deliberative democracy, ensuring transparency, and leveraging technology. By doing so, it aims to create a more informed electorate and strengthen democratic systems.
Audience
The target audience for this text includes policymakers, educators, citizens interested in political science or governance issues, and those involved in civic engagement. Those not targeted may include casual readers looking for light reading material or individuals with no interest in politics. To make it more relevant, the author could simplify complex terms for lay audiences without compromising depth or provide real-world examples illustrating theoretical concepts.
Structure and Organisation
The text follows a logical order by first introducing key concepts like rational ignorance and unknown unknowns before exploring their implications on democratic decision-making. Each section flows seamlessly into the next without abrupt transitions or disconnection between ideas.
Tone
The tone throughout remains informative yet urgent about addressing cognitive challenges within democracies effectively. There’s a sense of responsibility conveyed towards improving civic engagement among readers.
Clarity
Overall clarity is strong; however, some sections could benefit from simplification for easier comprehension by all readers. For instance:
“Unknown Unknowns refer to factors that are completely outside individuals’ awareness…” – This could be rephrased more straightforwardly.
There is an entire section on cognitive biases earlier in the book as well as a note to directing the reader to it.
Argument and Persuasion
Opinions presented focus on mitigating effects of rational ignorance through enhanced education and transparency measures which are logically constructed with support from references such as Downs (1957) & Kahneman (2011). While persuasive elements are well-supported overall; further statistical data or case studies would enhance credibility.
Commentary
I’m not sure I’ll include more in this book, as I cite copious source material, noted below.
Interest and Engagement
While engaging overall due to its relevance in current socio-political contexts; sections detailing strategies like encouraging deliberative democracy may lose reader interest due to dense content presentation without breaks or interactive elements such as case studies or anecdotes involving citizen participation can improve engagement levels significantly
Final Thoughts & Conclusions
The text concludes with a strong and satisfying section that summarizes the concepts of rational ignorance and unknown unknowns, emphasizing their impact on democratic decision-making. It effectively ties together the key points discussed throughout the work and provides a clear call to action for addressing cognitive challenges in governance. The final thoughts and conclusions serve to underscore the importance of mitigating these challenges through improved education, deliberation, transparency, and technological advancements. The text ends conclusively by summarizing key points discussed earlier while offering actionable steps towards strengthening democratic systems amidst cognitive challenges faced today—providing a clear direction forward that ties together various themes explored throughout the narrative effectively.
References and Supporting Materials
Downs, A. (1957).An Economic Theory of Democracy. Harper & Row.
Kahneman, D. (2011).Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Caplan, B. (2007).The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies. Princeton University Press.
Tetlock, P. E. (2005).Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? Princeton University Press.
Sunstein, C. R. (2006).Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge. Oxford University Press.
Lupia, A., & McCubbins, M. D. (1998).The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge University Press.
Akerlof, G. A., & Shiller, R. J. (2015).Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception. Princeton University Press.
Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987).News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. University of Chicago Press.
Gigerenzer, G., & Todd, P. M. (1999).Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. Oxford University Press.
Sunstein, C. R., & Thaler, R. H. (2008).Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin Books.
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Follows is another AutoCrit1 review of my current focus—working title: Democracy: The Grand Illusion, affectionately called Dumocracy.
Synopsis
The chapter “Vote Against Democracy, Say ‘Nay'” delves into a comprehensive exploration of the critiques posed by prominent intellectuals and philosophers throughout history regarding democratic systems. The opening sets the stage by quoting Winston Churchill’s famous line: “The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter.” This quote immediately introduces a critical perspective on democracy, foreshadowing the in-depth analysis to come.
“The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter.”
The text then proceeds to examine various historical figures’ criticisms of democracy, ranging from Plato’s concerns about mob rule to Tocqueville’s observations about mediocrity in democratic societies. Each thinker’s critique is dissected and analyzed, shedding light on the potential pitfalls and limitations of democratic governance. From elitism and failures within democracies to warnings about the tyranny of the majority and challenges with meritocracy, each section offers valuable insights into different aspects of democratic systems.
As the text progresses towards its conclusion, it synthesizes these diverse critiques while acknowledging both strengths and weaknesses inherent in democratic ideals. It culminates by emphasizing that despite its flaws, democracy remains one of the best available forms of government—a sentiment encapsulated in Winston Churchill’s famous remark: “Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all others that have been tried.” This closing statement reinforces a pragmatic understanding of democracy while encouraging ongoing reflection on how to refine and improve democratic governance models.
“Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all others that have been tried.”
Winston Churchill
In essence, “Vote Against Democracy, Say ‘Nay'” presents a nuanced examination of historical critiques surrounding democracy that challenge readers to critically assess both the virtues and vulnerabilities embedded within this prevalent system of governance.
Audience
audience for this text appears to be individuals interested in political theory, philosophy, and the complexities of democratic governance. Those who are engaged in scholarly or academic discussions surrounding democracy, its critiques, and potential reforms would likely find this text highly relevant. The detailed exploration of historical perspectives from prominent figures like Plato, Aristotle, Churchill, Nietzsche, and Tocqueville provides a comprehensive overview for readers with an interest in political thought.
However, individuals seeking a more general overview or introductory understanding of democracy may find the text overly intricate and specialized. To make it more accessible to a broader audience outside academia or political theory enthusiasts, the author could consider simplifying complex philosophical concepts into more digestible language. Additionally, providing real-world examples or contemporary case studies illustrating the practical implications of these critiques could help engage a wider range of readers who may not have prior knowledge of political theory. Incorporating clear summaries at key points throughout the text can also aid in enhancing readability and comprehension for those less familiar with the subject matter.
Structure and Organisation
The text follows a logical order and is well-organized. Each critique of democracy by the different intellectuals is presented in a structured manner, with clear transitions between each section. The text flows smoothly from one critique to the next, providing a comprehensive overview of various perspectives on democratic governance without any apparent issues of structure or organization.
Clarity
The author’s points are generally presented clearly throughout the text. Complex ideas and critiques of democracy are explained in a structured manner, making it easier for readers to follow the arguments presented by each thinker. However, there are instances where additional clarification or simplification could enhance reader understanding:
In the section discussing Joseph Schumpeter’s elitist theory of democracy, some readers may find the concept of democracy as a competitive struggle for votes rather than genuine self-governance by the masses somewhat challenging to grasp without further elaboration on how this dynamic operates within democratic systems.
The discussion on Michel Foucault’s critique of democracy introduces terms like biopolitics and power structures that may require more explicit definitions or examples to help readers unfamiliar with these concepts fully comprehend their significance within democratic contexts.
Audre Lorde’s critique focusing on intersectionality and democratic inclusion touches upon complex social dynamics that might benefit from clearer illustrations or real-world applications to elucidate how these issues manifest in practice within democratic institutions.
Overall, while the text effectively conveys nuanced critiques of democracy by various thinkers, providing more concrete examples or simplified explanations in certain sections could enhance clarity for readers less familiar with political theory and philosophy.
Commentary
I may address these aspects with footnotes as this background information is at times extensive and in any case available elsewhere.
Argument and Persuasion
The text presents a range of opinions critiquing democratic systems from various thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Alexis de Tocqueville, Friedrich Nietzsche, Winston Churchill, Joseph Schumpeter, Simone Weil, Michel Foucault, and Audre Lorde. These critiques cover themes like elitism in governance (Plato), the importance of moderation (Aristotle), concerns about tyranny of the majority (Tocqueville), critique of egalitarianism (Nietzsche), pragmatic view on democracy’s flaws and strengths (Churchill), elitist theory emphasizing competition for votes over self-governance by masses (Schumpeter), highlighting failures to address spiritual needs and rootedness in society (Weil) and understanding how democratic institutions can perpetuate subtle forms of control through power structures embedded within knowledge frameworks.
Each thinker presents their arguments with logical reasoning and supporting evidence drawn from historical contexts or philosophical principles. The strength lies in the diversity of perspectives offered which enriches the discourse on democracy by exploring its complexities from different angles. By addressing issues like potential mediocrity in democracies or challenges with inclusivity for marginalized groups within democratic systems these critiques prompt critical reflection on areas where improvements may be needed.
Overall, the persuasive elements are well-supported through references to original texts or established theories. The logical construction is evident as each opinion is presented coherently with relevant examples or theoretical frameworks backing them up.
Tone
The text presents a range of emotional perspectives, reflecting both critical analyses and nuanced reflections on democratic systems. The tone varies from sober contemplation to impassioned critique, showcasing a mix of scepticism, concern, pragmatism, and urgency. Each author’s perspective evokes emotions such as caution (Plato), moderation (Aristotle), wariness (Tocqueville), disdain for egalitarianism (Nietzsche), pragmatic acknowledgement of flaws (Churchill), elitist realism (Schumpeter), longing for rootedness and community (Simone Weil), critical examination of power structures (Foucault) and call for inclusivity and justice for marginalized groups (Audre Lorde). These emotional tones collectively create a rich tapestry that challenges conventional views on democracy while urging readers to consider the complexities inherent in governance systems.
Interest and Engagement
The text presents a wide range of critiques on democracy from various historical and philosophical perspectives, which can be engaging for readers interested in political theory. The inclusion of notable figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Alexis de Tocqueville, Friedrich Nietzsche, Winston Churchill, Joseph Schumpeter, Simone Weil, Michel Foucault, and Audre Lorde adds depth and credibility to the discussion.
However, due to the detailed nature of each critique presented in the text and the extensive references to specific works by these thinkers, some sections may become dense or overwhelming for readers who are not well-versed in political philosophy. To improve engagement in these sections:
Simplify Complex Ideas: Break down complex concepts into more digestible segments that are easier for a broader audience to understand.
Provide Contextual Explanations: Offer brief explanations or summaries before delving into each critique to provide context for readers unfamiliar with the philosophers’ works.
Use Analogies or Real-World Examples: Illustrate abstract ideas with relatable examples or analogies that help clarify their relevance in contemporary society.
Incorporate Visual Aids: Consider using diagrams or visual aids to enhance understanding of intricate theories and make them more accessible.
By incorporating these strategies throughout the text when discussing challenging concepts from different critiques on democracy by prominent theorists such as Plato’s “The Republic,” Aristotle’s “Politics,” Tocqueville’s “Democracy in America,” Nietzsche’s concept of the Übermensch (Overman), Churchill’s pragmatic observations on democracy being “the worst form of government except all others,” Schumpeter’s elitist theory of democracy emphasizing competition among elites for votes rather than direct self-governance by all citizens; Weil’s focus on rootedness and community needs within democratic systems; Foucault’s analysis on power structures within democracies perpetuating control; Lorde’s intersectionality critique highlighting exclusionary practices towards marginalized groups—the author could maintain reader interest while navigating through intricate discussions surrounding democratic governance across history and philosophy.
Commentary
I plan to incorporate some visual and diagrammatic aids, but AutoCrit cannot evaluate this type of content.
Final Thoughts and Conclusions
The text ends with a comprehensive and cohesive conclusion that effectively ties together the various critiques of democratic systems presented by Plato, Aristotle, Alexis de Tocqueville, Friedrich Nietzsche, Winston Churchill, Joseph Schumpeter, Simone Weil, Michel Foucault, and Audre Lorde. The final thoughts provide a reflective summary of the challenges inherent in democratic governance while emphasizing the need for ongoing reflection and improvement within democratic systems. The concluding section successfully synthesizes the diverse perspectives on democracy discussed throughout the text.
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Churchill is not on record having said this, but the sentiment remains. ↩︎
I’ve made several political posts in this space, but I was researching the backstory of the Ukraine-Russia conflict. Yet again, insufficiency of language is involved. It’s been said that the West promised not to expand NATO, ‘not one inch’, but it’s not clear whether NATO was the subject of that promise. Even Gorbachov said that NATO was not a topic of discussion, and that omission fell squarely on him. Even if this is the case, Putin made it clear in 2008 that this was his interpretation. Here’s a brief history for those interested. It’s decidedly not an academic affair, but I try to be neutral.
The Ukraine-Russia conflict is deeply rooted in the complex web of historical tensions and geopolitical dynamics that have shaped Eastern Europe from the Cold War to the present day. This article explores the critical developments and decisions from the end of World War II through to the events leading up to 2014, setting the stage for the current tensions.
From World War II to Cold War End
The geopolitical landscape of post-World War II Europe was significantly shaped at the Yalta Conference, where Allied leaders divided Europe into spheres of influence, leading to the establishment of a Soviet-dominated Eastern bloc. This division set the stage for the Cold War and the creation of NATO in 1949, a collective defence alliance that would come to play a central role in later tensions.
Collapse of the Soviet Union and Early Post-Cold War Hopes
The policies of glasnost and perestroika under Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s, followed by the fall of the Berlin Wall, signalled a shift towards greater openness and potential integration. However, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to new states grappling with independence and the redefining of security and economic relations in the region. Initial hopes for a peaceful Europe were soon challenged by emerging security concerns.
NATO Expansion and Growing Tensions
NATO’s eastward expansion began in earnest in 1999 with the inclusion of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. This move, perceived by Russia as a strategic threat, reignited long-standing fears of encirclement and influenced Russia’s foreign policy. The expansion was justified by NATO as a way to stabilize Eastern Europe and integrate it into a democratic, peaceful Europe.
The 2008 Bucharest Summit
The 2008 NATO summit in Bucharest was a watershed moment. Although Ukraine and Georgia were not offered immediate membership, NATO’s declaration that they would eventually join the alliance was seen as provocative by Russia. The subsequent Russo-Georgian War in August 2008 underscored Russia’s willingness to use military force in response to perceived encroachments on its sphere of influence.
Deepening Crisis: 2010-2014
Relations continued to deteriorate with the EU’s Eastern Partnership program, which sought to deepen ties with former Soviet states, including Ukraine. The situation escalated dramatically in 2014 following the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, the ousting of President Viktor Yanukovych, and Russia’s annexation of Crimea, a move widely condemned internationally but justified by Russia as a necessary defensive action.
Putin’s Defensive Stance
Throughout these developments, Vladimir Putin has maintained that NATO expansion represents a direct security threat to Russia. The narrative from the Russian perspective frames the expansion as a continuation of Cold War antagonism and a disregard for Russia’s security concerns, contrary to what they interpret as promises made during the 1990s.
Conclusion
This detailed narrative from the end of World War II through 2014 illuminates the complexities of Eastern European security dynamics and the challenges in reconciling the strategic interests of NATO and Russia. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine is deeply intertwined with these historical tensions, reflecting long-standing struggles for influence and security in post-Cold War Europe.
DISCLAIMER: Please note that the cover image is AI-generated—as if that isn’t immediately and obviously apparent.
Additional background and context.
If anything, perhaps this will help with SEO.
To provide a clearer picture of the discussions and statements made about NATO expansion during the early 1990s, particularly around the time of German reunification, here are some notable quotes and summaries from key figures involved:
James Baker (U.S. Secretary of State)
James Baker reportedly told Mikhail Gorbachev during a meeting in 1990:
“Not one inch eastward” was a phrase used by Baker to assure Gorbachev about NATO’s military posture not moving eastward, in the context of German reunification. This phrase has been widely cited but is subject to interpretation regarding its precise meaning and whether it referred to broader NATO expansion.
Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet President)
Gorbachev’s response to these discussions has been a source of significant interest:
“The topic of ‘NATO expansion’ was not discussed at all, and it wasn’t brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Not a single Eastern European country raised the issue, not even after the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist in 1991.” – Gorbachev, in later interviews, emphasized that the assurances were more about not deploying NATO troops to Eastern Germany than about preventing future NATO expansion.
Hans-Dietrich Genscher (German Foreign Minister)
Genscher’s position was similarly focused on reducing Soviet fears about NATO:
“NATO should rule out an ‘expansion of its territory towards the east, i.e. moving it closer to the Soviet borders.'” – Genscher said this in a speech in Tutzing, Germany, in 1990, which was aimed at assuaging Soviet concerns about German reunification and NATO.
Western and Soviet Interpretations
The assurances regarding NATO not expanding “one inch eastward” were primarily discussed in the context of German reunification and the integration of East Germany into NATO without expanding NATO’s military presence further east. The ambiguity lies in whether these assurances were understood to apply only temporarily or permanently, and specifically to Eastern Germany or more broadly to Eastern Europe.
Later Developments
After these discussions, in 1991 and beyond, the situation changed dramatically with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The security landscape in Europe was fundamentally altered, leading to different priorities and decisions. By the mid-1990s, the question of broader NATO expansion became a topic of much debate, and in 1999, several former Eastern Bloc countries were admitted into NATO.
Conclusion
The quotes and the context they were spoken in reveal the complexities of diplomatic communications and the difficulties in interpreting what was meant and understood by different parties. These discussions were contingent on numerous factors, including the rapidly changing geopolitical landscape following the end of the Cold War.
I’ve resurrected a book project (working title Dumbocracy) that I commenced at the end of 2021. I’ve revisited the structure and made some amends to the outline before I move forward. I’ve done more research and feel the topic is (sadly) still as relevant now as then. The approach I am taking is to present:
definition and summary
historical perspective of advocates and detractors
the main thesis and antithesis
alternatives
future prospects
I’ve got a lot going on, so this may whither or die on the vine, but I’m hoping to reach the goal line this time. Since I already invested many hours over days since Autumn 2020, the groundwork is already laid.
If anyone has any contributions, I welcome them.
Revised Chapter Order
Position and Setup
Introduce the central thesis and set the stage for the book.
Historical Backdrop – Pre-Enlightenment Until Now
Provide historical context to ground the reader in the evolution of democratic ideas.
Celebrity Supporters
Highlight influential figures who supported democracy, setting up the positive aspects and idealism associated with it.
Celebrity Anti-Democracy Figures
Present notable critics of democracy to introduce scepticism and counterpoints early on.
Prima Facie Arguments
Lay out the initial arguments against democracy, building on the scepticism introduced in the previous chapter.
Shaky Grounds and Necessarily Suboptimal Outcomes: Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem
Dive into the mathematical and theoretical flaws in democratic voting systems to provide a strong foundation for the critiques.
Essential Steelman Counterarguments
Present the strongest counterarguments to the prima facie arguments, offering a balanced perspective.
Are We Too Dumb for Democracy?
Analyze cognitive limitations and their impact on democratic decision-making.
Dealing with Rational Ignorance and Unknown Unknowns
Address the issues of rational ignorance and the limits of voter knowledge.
Reconciling Worldviews: Individualism Versus Collectivism
Discuss the philosophical tensions and their implications for democracy.
Possible People-Based Solutions
Introduce potential reforms and solutions to address the identified flaws.
People-Based Counterarguments
Defend democracy by presenting strong arguments for the capability and resilience of the populace.
Against Democracy
Explore Jason Brennan’s epistocracy and other critiques in depth.
Effective Mob Rule
Discuss ways to improve voter quality and address historical injustices.
The Representatives
Debate the idea of electing more qualified representatives.
Jeremy Bentham’s Panopticon — Watching the Watchers
Consider the concept of surveillance and accountability in governance.
US / UK Politics
Critique the current state of politics in the US and UK, providing contemporary relevance.
SCOTUS Partisanship
Examine the partisanship in the Supreme Court and its implications for democracy.
Jury Systems
Analyze the jury system as a microcosm of democratic principles.
What About…?
Anarchy and Libertarianism
Deliberative Democracy
Republicanism
Epistocracy
Sortition
Other Potential ‘What Abouts’
Tea Leaves
Speculate on the future of democracy and potential reforms or alternatives.
And So What? Where to Go from Here?
Summarize the findings and suggest practical steps for addressing the flaws in democracy and exploring alternatives.
NB: As is typical, these are working titles subject to change.
What’s an anarcho-syndicalist supposed to do in the advent of artificial intelligence, process automation, and robots?
Wikipedia relates anarcho-Syndicalism as follows:
Anarcho-syndicalism (also referred to as revolutionary syndicalism)[1] is a theory of anarchism that views revolutionary industrial unionism or syndicalism as a method for workers in capitalist society to gain control of an economy and thus control influence in broader society. Syndicalists consider their economic theories a strategy for facilitating worker self-activity and as an alternative co-operative economic system with democratic values and production centered on meeting human needs.
Anarcho-syndicalists view the primary purpose of the state as being the defense of private property, and therefore of economic, social and political privilege, denying most of its citizens the ability to enjoy material independence and the social autonomy that springs from it.[3] Reflecting the anarchist philosophy from which it draws its primary inspiration, anarcho-syndicalism is centred on the idea that power corrupts and that any hierarchy that cannot be ethically justified must either be dismantled or replaced by decentralized egalitarian control.[3]
As a matter of preference, I’ve leaned toward anarcho-syndicalism. I don’t have a lot of faith in humans or humanity to govern or self-govern. The arguments for this, whether monarchies, democracies, plutocracies, or even anarchies are each rife with its own sets of problems. Still, I favour a system where there is no class of governors, though I am more of a fan of Proudhon over Marx.
Mind you, I don’t think humans make very good judgements and are as bad in groups as individuals but for different reasons—and especially where complexity or too many choices are available. That we’ve survived this long is, quite frankly, a miracle.
This said, it isn’t my problem. My contention is with the syndicalist aspect. If all of this human as worker displacement occurs as some are forecasting, there will be precious few workers. I am not saying that this is inevitable or will ever happen. My concern is merely conditional. If this were to happen, the idea of a worker-centric system is daft.
Do we just defer to people categorically, where we arrive at simple anarchism? Without delving, there are different flavours of, and I have neither the time nor the inclination to debate, for example, the merits of anarco-capitalism (an oxymoron if there ever was one) versus anarcho-communism or anarcho-transhumanism for that matter.
Although, I like how Kant identified four kinds of government…
Law and freedom without force (anarchy)
Law and force without freedom (despotism)
Force without freedom and law (barbarism)
Force with freedom and law (republic)
…the whole notion of freedom is another weasel word, and laws without force are unenforceable—pun intended. At least the syndicalism felt like it was intentional or purposeful. I understand why Plato despised the rabble, but as with the sorites paradox in the heap-hill distinction, where to the rabble distil down to something meaningful?
“The organization we call modern republicanism is based on multiple values and principles that conflict. We can identify at least five basic values of most modern republican political theories:
popular self-governance by the political community
individual liberties from government and social interference
equality
communal or national preservation, and
economic and material modernization
“All of these matter; none can be ignored. But these values conflict. If you consistently emphasise or choose one over the other or pull on that thread, you move toward an exclusive political view of one kind or another.
“For example, if you emphasise self-governance over all other values and are willing to trade the others for more of it, you become a civic republican or a populist or a participatory democrat.
“If it’s individual liberties and rights, you value above everything else, a Libertarian, a neo-liberal, or a Natural Rights theorist.
“If it’s social equality, you become a progressive or social democrat or even a socialist.
“If it’s material progress above all, then you are probably an ethical utilitarian, believing the politic’s aim is to enhance general happiness.
“If it’s preservation of the forms of community life, then you’re a conservative.”
This is excerpted from the first chapter an excellent Great Courses lecture series by Lawrence Cahoon, The Modern Political Tradition: Hobbes to Habermas. (This PDF course guide provides a summary view.) It’s an interesting dimensionalisation of the problem with trying to reconcile politics into some unified theory, as it becomes necessary to optimise across these dimensions, some of which are polar opposites to other goals in a zero-sum relationship.
This series is available on Amazon as well as at Audible at good prices.
It seems to me that the largest or largest complaint people claiming a realist, objective moralist perspective is:
How would it work if morals were not objective?
This is also a common defence by Christians who claim:
If there were no God, then people would just be mindless hedonists.
This is the same line of defence used by statists of all stripes, whether Republican, Democratic, Libertarian, Monarchist, Oligarch, or otherwise.
Anarchy can’t work because everything would just be chaos.
It is also the same argument mounted, as Steven Pinker points out in The Blank Slate, against a strong genetic component to human behaviour.
If we believe that, then what will prevent the next Nazi Holocaust?
In the end, because these people cannot fathom how it might work, it is easy to assuage cognitive dissonance through self-delusion. It’s as if the people defending actually know that they are wrong, but that if they deny it loudly enough, then, like religion, others will believe it’s just so, that they’ll follow the deceiving confederate in a psychology experiment.
The problem is that there is no god, there is no objective morality, government is unnecessary, and much behaviour and temperament have significant genetic foundations unaffected by environmental factors.
Philosophics 